Vaginal discomfort is common but figuring out what’s causing it can be confusing. Two of the most frequent vaginal infections women experience are bacterial vaginosis (BV) and yeast infections. While they can share overlapping symptoms, they have different causes, treatments, and potential health implications if left untreated.
Understanding the differences between vaginosis vs yeast infection can help you recognize when something feels off—and when it’s time to seek care. Below, we break down what causes each condition, the most common symptoms, how they’re diagnosed, and what treatment options are available at Women’s Health Arizona.
What Is Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)?
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) occurs when the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina is disrupted. A healthy vagina contains mostly “good” bacteria (lactobacilli) that help maintain a slightly acidic vaginal pH. When harmful bacteria grow too quickly and outnumber the good bacteria, BV can develop.
BV is not considered a sexually transmitted infection, but sexual activity—especially with new or multiple partners—can increase the risk. Other contributing factors include douching, using scented feminine products, and anything that alters the vaginal environment.
BV is one of the most common vaginal infections in women of reproductive age. While some women experience noticeable symptoms, others may have BV without realizing it, which is why routine gynecologic care is important.
What Is a Yeast Infection?
A yeast infection is caused by an overgrowth of Candida, a type of fungus that naturally lives in the vagina in small amounts. When the balance between yeast and bacteria shifts, yeast can multiply and cause uncomfortable symptoms.
Unlike BV, yeast infections are not bacterial and are not caused by an imbalance in vaginal pH. Factors that can increase the risk of yeast infections include antibiotics, pregnancy, uncontrolled diabetes, a weakened immune system, and prolonged moisture exposure from hot baths, hot tubs, or sweaty clothing.
Yeast infections are extremely common, and many women will experience at least one in their lifetime. Some cases can be treated with over-the-counter options, while others require prescription care.
Common Symptoms of BV
The symptoms of BV can vary, but many women notice changes in vaginal discharge or odor. Common signs include:
- Thin, gray, or white vaginal discharge
- A strong, fishy odor—especially after sex
- Increased vaginal discharge
- Mild irritation or burning (though itching is less common)
Some women with BV have no symptoms at all, which means the condition can go unnoticed and left untreated.
Common Symptoms of Yeast Infections
The symptoms of a yeast infection tend to be more uncomfortable and harder to ignore. These may include:
- Intense vaginal itching or irritation
- Thick white vaginal discharge that looks like cottage cheese
- Redness and swelling of the vulva
- Burning during urination or sex
- White discharge that is typically odorless
Yeast infection discharge is often described as thick white, rather than thin or watery.
Key Differences Between Yeast Infections and BV
Understanding bacterial vaginosis vs yeast infections comes down to a few key differences:
Cause
- BV is caused by bacterial imbalance
- Yeast infections are caused by fungal overgrowth
Vaginal Discharge
- BV discharge is thin, gray or white, and often has an odor
- Yeast discharge is thick, white, clumpy, and odorless
Itching
- BV usually causes minimal itching
- Yeast infections commonly cause significant itching and irritation
Vaginal pH
- BV raises vaginal pH (less acidic)
- Yeast infections typically do not change pH
Treatment
- BV is typically treated with antibiotics
- Yeast infections are treated with antifungal medications
Because symptoms can overlap, it’s not always easy to determine bacterial vaginosis vs yeast infection on your own—especially if you’ve had both in the past.
How to Diagnose Yeast Infections and BV
Proper diagnosis is essential for effective treatment. Treating the wrong condition can prolong symptoms or make them worse.
At Women’s Health Arizona, diagnosis may include:
- A pelvic exam
- Evaluation of vaginal discharge
- Vaginal swab testing
- Measuring vaginal pH
- Microscopic examination of vaginal fluid
These methods help your provider distinguish between vaginal infections and rule out other conditions, including sexually transmitted infections when appropriate.
Treatment Options We Offer
Treatment depends on the diagnosis:
Treating Bacterial Vaginosis
BV is usually treated with antibiotics, either taken orally or applied vaginally. Completing the full course is essential to fully treat BV and reduce the risk of recurrence.
Treating Yeast Infections
Yeast infections are treated with antifungal medications, which may be available over the counter or by prescription. Some women experience recurrent infections and may need longer or specialized treatment plans.
Your provider may also recommend supportive lifestyle adjustments, especially if infections are recurring.
How to Prevent Yeast Infections and BV
While not all infections are preventable, healthy habits can reduce your risk:
- Wear breathable cotton underwear
- Avoid douching and scented products
- Change out of wet swimsuits promptly
- Limit prolonged exposure to hot tubs and hot baths
- Practice good hygiene without over-cleansing
- Maintain regular gynecologic visits
Supporting a healthy vaginal environment helps maintain proper bacterial balance and reduces irritation.
Can Yeast Infections and BV Affect Your Fertility?
Occasional yeast infections generally do not affect fertility. However, bacterial vaginosis, especially when left untreated, may have more serious implications.
Untreated BV has been associated with:
- Increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- Higher risk of pregnancy complications
- Greater susceptibility to sexually transmitted infection exposure
Prompt diagnosis and treatment help protect both reproductive health and overall wellness.
When to See a Provider
If you’re experiencing persistent symptoms, recurrent infections, or are unsure whether you’re dealing with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and yeast infections, it’s important to seek medical care. Self-treating without a clear diagnosis can delay relief and worsen symptoms.
At Women’s Health Arizona, our providers offer compassionate, expert care to diagnose and treat vaginal health concerns—helping you feel comfortable, confident, and supported at every stage.
If something doesn’t feel right, trust your body and schedule an appointment today.
